Photo Credit: Isaak D. Edmonds

What you need:
.ice
.zip lock bags
.salt
.ice cream toppings
.syrup (optional)
.vanilla extract
The Science:
"Ice has to absorb energy in order to melt, changing the phase of water from a solid to a liquid. When you use ice to cool the ingredients for ice cream, the energy is absorbed from the ingredients and from the outside environment (like your hands, if you are holding the baggie of ice!). When you add salt to the ice, it lowers the freezing point of the ice, so even more energy has to be absorbed from the environment in order for the ice to melt. This makes the ice colder than it was before, which is how your ice cream freezes"


http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howtos/a/aa020404a.htm

Min-Project #2: Magnetic Screw Driver!

Photo Credit: Isaak Delgadillo-Edmonds

What you need:
.any magnet
.magnetizable metal (in this case a screwdriver instead of a paperclip)

The Science:
When you rub the magnets against magnetizable metal it causes the normally not magnetic metal to become magnetic.

Chem 8d Stnd

Chem Stnds 8d: Students know the atoms and molecules in liquids move in a random pattern relative to one another because the intermolecular forces are too weak to hold the atoms or molecules in a solid form.

Forces that attract molecules to other molecules, these include:
.hydrogen bonding
.dipole-dipole attraction
.London dispersion forces

The types of bonding forces vary in their strength as measured by average bond energy.
(STRONGEST)
Covalent Bonds (400kcal)
Hydrogen Bonding(12-16kcal)
DipoledipoleRXNS(2-0.5kcal)
Lndon Forces(less than 1kcal)
(WEAKEST)

Hydrogen Bonding

Bonding b/t hydrogen and more electronegative neighboring atoms such as oxygen and nitrogen.

Polarity

A molecule, such as HF, that has a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge is said to be polar, or to have a dipole moment.

Dipole-dipole Attraction

Attraction between oppositely charged regions of neighboring molecules.

London-dispersion forces

The weakest of intermolecular forces, these forces are proportional to the mass of the molecule. These are the only forces of attraction between completely nonpolar molecules.

Links:
http://www.sciencegeek.net/Chemistry/Presentations/IntermolecularForces/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid

Mister Olson's Happy Trail!

View MISTER OLSON'S HAPPY TRAIL in a larger map">

Mini- Project: Glow in the dark Water!

http://video.about.com/chemistry/How-to-Make-Glowing-Water.htm

Photo Credit: Gregory Alan Warden

What you need:
.Any amount of water
.Yellow highlighter ink
.Blacklight

The Science:
The transparent brightly colored ink is able to glow under a black light to produce either a greenish yellow glow because the phosphorus in the ink produces that color.

IPropose We Burn Money

Video:
http://video.about.com/chemistry/Burning-Money-Magic-Trick.htm

Materials:

• dollar bill (higher denomination if you're brave)
• tongs
• matches or a lighter
• salt
• solution of 50% alcohol and 50% water

All you need is a bill, a mixture of water and alcohol, and a lighter. 70% rubbing alcohol works well. Alcohol burns blue and is a little hard to see, so if you want a bright yellow flame, you can mix a little salt into the alcohol solution.


1.Dip your money into the liquid and make sure it is completely wet.
2. Remove the bill, shake off the excess liquid, and ignite your money.
3.If the flame burns your hand, simply shake it out. You will need to soak the bill again in order to repeat the trick.

Precautions:
. Wear gloves and goggles

Scientific Principle
A combustion reaction occurs between alcohol and oxygen, producing heat and light (energy) and carbon dioxide and water.

Related Links:
http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/burnmoney_3.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/burnmoney.htm

I Propose That We Make Fireballs You Can Hold in Your Hand

http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-to-fireballs-can-hold-hand-110568/





The only materials needed are 100% cotton cloth, scissors, lighter fuel, cotton string, and a needle.

INSTRUCTIONS

• 1. Thread the needle with cotton thread.

• 2. Tightly roll the cotton strip into a ball.

• 3. Pierce the ball with the needle and wrap the ball with the thread. End by running the needle through the ball one more time and break off the thread.

• 4. Soak the ball with lighter fluid. Don't soak your hands.

• 5. Don't ignite the the fireball while you are holding it. Set the ball on a fire-proof surface. I used a frying pan from the kitchen.

• 6. If you want to hold the fireball, my recommendation is to pick it up with tongs and carefully/slowly set it on your hand. That way you'll be able to tell if you can take the heat or not. Once you gain some confidence, you can pick the fireball up using your fingers.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
. GOGGLES!

. GLOVES!

. It's best to use 100% cotton fabric and thread. If the fiber is synthetic (like nylon or polyester) it might burn or melt, with unpleasant consequences.

.The fireballs are reusable. Put them out when they run out of fuel or else the cotton will burn (you can tell this is happening when the ball starts to blacken and produce sooty smoke). If you get to the point where the cotton itself is burning, the fireball will be too hot to hold. Ideally you want to extinguish the fireball before it consumes all of its fuel. Simply soak it in more lighter fluid and relight it to reuse it.